Interrelation between counseling and career planning Counselling psychologists are interested in answering a variety of research question about counselling process and outcome. Counselling process refers to how or why counselling happens and progresses. Counselling outcome addresses whether or not counselling is effective, under what conditions it is effective, and what outcomes are considered effective—such as symptom reduction, behaviour change, or quality of life improvement. Topics commonly explored in the study of counselling process and outcome include therapist variables, client variables,the counselling or therapeutic relationship, cultural variables, process and outcome measurement, mechanisms of change, and process and outcome research methods. Classic approaches appeared early in the field of humanistic psychology by Carl Rogers who identified the mission of counselling interview as to permit deeper expression that the client would ordinarily allow himself. Caree...